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Grade 10 curriculum

A full 180-day school year in 4 courses: English 10, Geometry, Chemistry and Modern World History. Every unit and lesson is listed below. Unit 1 of every course is free to try, and KidUniversity Plus unlocks the rest for your whole family.

  • 4 courses
  • 93 units
  • 627 lessons
  • 93 unit tests

Grades 9 to 12 also get SAT® and ACT® prep.

English 10

22 units · 158 lessons · 22 unit tests · 180 school days

Try Unit 1 free
Unit 1FREE

Close Reading: Evidence and Inference

7 lessons + unit test

How do careful readers prove what a text means?
  1. Citing Strong Evidence
  2. Explicit and Implicit Meaning
  3. Inferring Character from Action
  4. Theme and How It Develops
  5. Writing an Objective Summary
  6. Word Choice and Tone
  7. Cultural Perspective in Literature
  8. Unit 1 Test: Close Reading: Evidence and Inference
Unit 2

Short Fiction from Around the World

8 lessons + unit test

What can stories from other places and times teach us about people everywhere?
  1. Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
  2. Guy de Maupassant, "The Necklace" (France)
  3. Anton Chekhov, "The Bet" (Russia)
  4. Rabindranath Tagore, "The Postmaster" (India)
  5. Leo Tolstoy, "How Much Land Does a Man Need?" (Russia)
  6. Complex Characters: A Story from Lagos
  7. Conflict: A Story from Mexico City
  8. Comparing Stories Across Cultures
  9. Unit 2 Test: Short Fiction from Around the World
Unit 3

Short Fiction: Structure and Craft

7 lessons + unit test

How do writers' structural choices create tension, mystery and surprise?
  1. Plot Structure
  2. Flashback and Foreshadowing
  3. Pacing and Tension
  4. Point of View and the Unreliable Narrator
  5. Symbol and Motif
  6. Frame Stories: The Thousand and One Nights
  7. Folk Tales and Retellings: Anansi
  8. Unit 3 Test: Short Fiction: Structure and Craft
Unit 4

Greek and Latin Roots I

7 lessons + unit test

How can knowing a few ancient word parts unlock thousands of English words?
  1. Latin Roots: port, dict, script, rupt
  2. Latin Roots: spec, vid/vis, aud, voc
  3. Greek Roots: graph, logy, phon, tele
  4. Greek Roots: bio, geo, chron, path
  5. Prefixes from Latin and Greek
  6. Suffixes and Parts of Speech
  7. Using Roots and Context Together
  8. Unit 4 Test: Greek and Latin Roots I
Unit 5

Poetry Across Cultures I

8 lessons + unit test

How do poets from different times and places compress big ideas into a few lines?
  1. Reading a Poem: Speaker, Situation, Tone
  2. Haiku: Matsuo Bashō (Japan)
  3. Classical Chinese Poetry: Li Bai
  4. Rabindranath Tagore, "Where the Mind Is Without Fear"
  5. Langston Hughes, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
  6. Percy Bysshe Shelley, "Ozymandias"
  7. Imagery and Figurative Language
  8. Sound: Rhyme, Meter and Repetition
  9. Unit 5 Test: Poetry Across Cultures I
Unit 6

Poetry Across Cultures II

7 lessons + unit test

How have poets used form and image to respond to love, injustice and war?
  1. The Sonnet: Shakespeare's Sonnet 130
  2. Paul Laurence Dunbar, "We Wear the Mask"
  3. Wilfred Owen, "Dulce et Decorum Est"
  4. Claude McKay, "If We Must Die"
  5. W. B. Yeats, "The Second Coming"
  6. Sara Teasdale, "There Will Come Soft Rains"
  7. Comparing Poems on a Theme: War and Resistance
  8. Unit 6 Test: Poetry Across Cultures II
Unit 7

Grammar: Verbals

7 lessons + unit test

How can a verb do the job of a noun, adjective or adverb, and why would a writer want it to?
  1. What Verbals Are
  2. Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
  3. Participles and Participial Phrases
  4. Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
  5. Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers
  6. Telling Verbals Apart
  7. Using Verbals to Combine Sentences
  8. Unit 7 Test: Grammar: Verbals
Unit 8

Drama: Antigone

7 lessons + unit test

What happens when the law of the state collides with a person's conscience?
  1. Greek Tragedy: Stage, Chorus and Masks
  2. Prologue: Two Sisters
  3. Creon's Decree
  4. Antigone Before Creon
  5. The Chorus: "Wonders Are Many"
  6. Haemon and Creon
  7. Tragic Hero, Hubris and Catharsis
  8. Unit 8 Test: Drama: Antigone
Unit 9

Drama: Julius Caesar

8 lessons + unit test

Can a good person do a terrible thing for a good reason?
  1. Shakespeare's Rome: Background
  2. Reading Shakespeare's Language
  3. Cassius Persuades Brutus
  4. Omens and the Ides of March
  5. Caesar's Pride and the Assassination
  6. Brutus's Funeral Speech
  7. Antony's Funeral Speech
  8. The Tragedy of Brutus: Character and Theme
  9. Unit 9 Test: Drama: Julius Caesar
Unit 10

Rhetoric: How Persuasion Works

7 lessons + unit test

How do speakers and writers move an audience, and how can we tell sound reasoning from tricks?
  1. Ethos, Pathos and Logos
  2. Purpose and Audience
  3. Repetition, Anaphora and Parallelism
  4. Rhetorical Questions, Antithesis and Allusion
  5. Logical Fallacies I
  6. Logical Fallacies II
  7. Analyzing an Opinion Piece
  8. Unit 10 Test: Rhetoric: How Persuasion Works
Unit 11

Speeches That Shaped History

8 lessons + unit test

How have great speakers used words to change the course of history?
  1. Patrick Henry, "Give Me Liberty" (1775)
  2. Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" (1852)
  3. Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address (1863)
  4. Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address (1865)
  5. Susan B. Anthony, "On Women's Right to Vote" (1873)
  6. Chief Joseph, "I Will Fight No More Forever" (1877)
  7. Elizabeth I, Speech at Tilbury (1588)
  8. Comparing Speeches Across Time
  9. Unit 11 Test: Speeches That Shaped History
Unit 12

Grammar: Voice and Concision

7 lessons + unit test

How do strong writers say more with fewer, sharper words?
  1. Active and Passive Voice
  2. Forming and Spotting the Passive
  3. When the Passive Is the Right Choice
  4. Cutting Wordiness
  5. Strong Verbs Over Nominalizations
  6. Redundancy and Filler
  7. Revising a Paragraph for Concision
  8. Unit 12 Test: Grammar: Voice and Concision
Unit 13

The Novel: Structure

7 lessons + unit test

How do novelists build a whole world, and decide in what order we learn about it?
  1. Opening Lines
  2. The Narrator: Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby
  3. Frame Narrative: Frankenstein
  4. Plot Arcs, Chapters and Subplots: Great Expectations
  5. Time in the Novel: Chronology and Flashback
  6. Endings
  7. Modernism and Stream of Consciousness
  8. Unit 13 Test: The Novel: Structure
Unit 14

The Novel: Theme and Character

7 lessons + unit test

How do novels use complex characters to explore big questions about society and the self?
  1. Complex Characters: Victor and the Creature
  2. Character Foils: Darnay and Carton
  3. Social Class and Marriage: Pride and Prejudice
  4. The American Dream: The Great Gatsby
  5. Setting as Meaning: Jane Eyre
  6. Comparing Themes Across Novels
  7. Writing About a Novel's Theme
  8. Unit 14 Test: The Novel: Theme and Character
Unit 15

Greek and Latin Roots II

7 lessons + unit test

How do roots, myths and connotations give words their full meaning?
  1. Roots of Power and Rule
  2. Roots of Life and the Body
  3. Roots of Movement
  4. Roots of Knowing and Believing
  5. Number Roots
  6. Words from Mythology
  7. Connotation and Nuance
  8. Unit 15 Test: Greek and Latin Roots II
Unit 16

Research Skills

7 lessons + unit test

How do you find, gather and give credit for good information?
  1. Asking a Research Question
  2. Narrowing and Broadening a Topic
  3. Search Strategies and Keywords
  4. Primary and Secondary Sources
  5. Taking Notes: Quote, Paraphrase, Summarize
  6. Avoiding Plagiarism
  7. Citing Sources in MLA Style
  8. Unit 16 Test: Research Skills
Unit 17

Evaluating Sources

7 lessons + unit test

How can you tell which sources deserve your trust?
  1. Credibility: Author and Expertise
  2. Bias and Purpose
  3. Currency and Relevance
  4. Lateral Reading Online
  5. Evaluating Statistics and Claims
  6. Comparing Accounts in Different Media
  7. Spotting Misinformation
  8. Unit 17 Test: Evaluating Sources
Unit 18

Grammar: Comma Rules

8 lessons + unit test

How does a tiny mark like the comma change meaning and make writing clear?
  1. Commas in Compound Sentences
  2. Commas After Introductory Elements
  3. Commas in Series and Between Adjectives
  4. Commas with Nonessential Elements
  5. Commas with Names, Interjections and Quotations
  6. Comma Splices and Run-Ons
  7. Semicolons and Colons
  8. Dates, Places, Numbers and Common Comma Errors
  9. Unit 18 Test: Grammar: Comma Rules
Unit 19

Argument Writing: Claims and Evidence

7 lessons + unit test

What makes an argument convincing to a reader who doesn't already agree?
  1. Writing a Precise Claim
  2. Choosing Relevant, Sufficient Evidence
  3. Explaining Evidence: Reasoning
  4. Introducing and Integrating Quotations
  5. Organizing an Argument
  6. Transitions That Show Logic
  7. Strong Conclusions
  8. Unit 19 Test: Argument Writing: Claims and Evidence
Unit 20

Argument Writing: Counterclaims and Rebuttals

7 lessons + unit test

Why does facing the other side make your own argument stronger?
  1. What a Counterclaim Is
  2. Anticipating Your Audience
  3. Conceding Fairly
  4. Rebuttal Strategies
  5. Formal Style and Objective Tone
  6. Argument Revision Workshop
  7. Delivering an Argument Aloud
  8. Unit 20 Test: Argument Writing: Counterclaims and Rebuttals
Unit 21

Writing and Language Workshop

7 lessons + unit test

How do sentence craft and structure help writers explain, narrate and analyze?
  1. Parallel Structure
  2. Phrases That Add Detail: Appositive and Absolute
  3. Clauses for Variety
  4. Informative Writing: Thesis and Organization
  5. Precise Language and Domain-Specific Vocabulary
  6. Narrative Techniques
  7. Writing a Literary Analysis Paragraph
  8. Unit 21 Test: Writing and Language Workshop
Unit 22

Year in Review

6 lessons + unit test

What have you learned this year about reading the world and making your case in it?
  1. Review: Fiction and Drama
  2. Review: Poetry
  3. Review: Rhetoric and Speeches
  4. Review: Grammar and Punctuation
  5. Review: Vocabulary and Roots
  6. Review: Research and Argument
  7. Unit 22 Test: Year in Review

Geometry

25 units · 155 lessons · 25 unit tests · 180 school days

Try Unit 1 free
Unit 1FREE

Foundations of Geometry

7 lessons + unit test

What are the basic building blocks of geometry, and how do we measure them?
  1. Points, Lines and Planes
  2. Segments and Segment Addition
  3. Measuring and Classifying Angles
  4. Angle Pairs
  5. Midpoints and Bisectors
  6. Classifying Polygons
  7. Perimeter and Area Review
  8. Unit 1 Test: Foundations of Geometry
Unit 2

Geometric Constructions

6 lessons + unit test

How can we build exact figures with only a compass and a straightedge?
  1. Compass and Straightedge Basics
  2. Copying Segments and Angles
  3. Bisecting Segments and Angles
  4. Constructing Perpendicular and Parallel Lines
  5. Constructing Triangles
  6. Regular Polygons Inscribed in Circles
  7. Unit 2 Test: Geometric Constructions
Unit 3

Logic and Reasoning

6 lessons + unit test

How do we know a statement in geometry is true for every case?
  1. Inductive Reasoning and Counterexamples
  2. Conditional Statements
  3. Converse, Inverse and Contrapositive
  4. Biconditionals and Good Definitions
  5. Deductive Reasoning
  6. Algebraic Proof and Two-Column Proofs
  7. Unit 3 Test: Logic and Reasoning
Unit 4

Rigid Motions

7 lessons + unit test

How can a figure move without changing its size or shape?
  1. Transformations as Functions
  2. Translations
  3. Reflections over the Axes
  4. Reflections over Other Lines
  5. Rotations about the Origin
  6. Rotations about Other Points
  7. Rigid Motions Preserve Distance and Angles
  8. Unit 4 Test: Rigid Motions
Unit 5

Compositions and Symmetry

5 lessons + unit test

What happens when we combine motions, and which motions map a figure onto itself?
  1. Composing Transformations
  2. Reflections in Parallel Lines
  3. Reflections in Intersecting Lines
  4. Glide Reflections
  5. Line and Rotational Symmetry
  6. Unit 5 Test: Compositions and Symmetry
Unit 6

Dilations

6 lessons + unit test

How can we change a figure's size but keep its shape?
  1. Dilations Centered at the Origin
  2. Dilations from Any Center
  3. Properties of Dilations
  4. Enlargements and Reductions
  5. Similarity Transformations
  6. How Dilations Change Perimeter and Area
  7. Unit 6 Test: Dilations
Unit 7

Parallel Lines and Transversals

7 lessons + unit test

What is special about the angles formed when a line crosses two parallel lines?
  1. Angles Formed by a Transversal
  2. Corresponding Angles
  3. Alternate Interior and Alternate Exterior Angles
  4. Same-Side Interior Angles
  5. Proving Lines Parallel
  6. Perpendicular Lines
  7. Solving Problems with Parallel Lines
  8. Unit 7 Test: Parallel Lines and Transversals
Unit 8

Triangle Angles and Sides

6 lessons + unit test

What rules do the angles and sides of every triangle follow?
  1. Classifying Triangles
  2. The Triangle Angle Sum Theorem
  3. The Exterior Angle Theorem
  4. Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
  5. The Triangle Inequality
  6. Sides and Angles in One Triangle
  7. Unit 8 Test: Triangle Angles and Sides
Unit 9

Triangle Congruence

7 lessons + unit test

How much do we need to know to be sure two triangles are exactly the same?
  1. Congruent Figures
  2. Congruence and Rigid Motions
  3. SSS and SAS
  4. ASA and AAS
  5. Right Triangles: HL
  6. Why SSA and AAA Fail
  7. CPCTC
  8. Unit 9 Test: Triangle Congruence
Unit 10

Writing Geometric Proofs

6 lessons + unit test

How do we build a convincing argument, step by step, that a geometric fact is true?
  1. Two-Column Congruence Proofs
  2. Overlapping Triangles
  3. Proofs with Isosceles Triangles
  4. Paragraph and Flow Proofs
  5. The Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
  6. The Angle Bisector Theorem
  7. Unit 10 Test: Writing Geometric Proofs
Unit 11

Special Segments in Triangles

6 lessons + unit test

Where do a triangle's special lines meet, and why does that matter?
  1. Perpendicular Bisectors and the Circumcenter
  2. Angle Bisectors and the Incenter
  3. Medians and the Centroid
  4. Altitudes and the Orthocenter
  5. The Triangle Midsegment Theorem
  6. Using Points of Concurrency
  7. Unit 11 Test: Special Segments in Triangles
Unit 12

Polygons and Quadrilaterals

7 lessons + unit test

What makes each kind of quadrilateral special, and how can we prove which kind we have?
  1. Polygon Angle Sums
  2. Properties of Parallelograms
  3. Proving a Quadrilateral Is a Parallelogram
  4. Rectangles, Rhombuses and Squares
  5. Trapezoids and Kites
  6. The Quadrilateral Family Tree
  7. Algebra with Quadrilaterals
  8. Unit 12 Test: Polygons and Quadrilaterals
Unit 13

Similarity

7 lessons + unit test

How can we tell when two figures have the same shape, and how do we use that to find unknown lengths?
  1. Ratios and Proportions
  2. Similar Polygons
  3. AA Similarity
  4. SSS and SAS Similarity
  5. The Triangle Proportionality Theorem
  6. The Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem
  7. Indirect Measurement
  8. Unit 13 Test: Similarity
Unit 14

Right Triangles

6 lessons + unit test

How are the sides of a right triangle related, and what shortcuts do special right triangles give us?
  1. The Pythagorean Theorem
  2. The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem
  3. Pythagorean Triples
  4. Similar Right Triangles and the Geometric Mean
  5. 45-45-90 Triangles
  6. 30-60-90 Triangles
  7. Unit 14 Test: Right Triangles
Unit 15

Right-Triangle Trigonometry

7 lessons + unit test

How can an angle tell us the lengths of a right triangle's sides?
  1. Sine, Cosine and Tangent
  2. Finding Side Lengths with Trig
  3. Finding Angles with Inverse Trig
  4. Angles of Elevation and Depression
  5. Sine and Cosine of Complementary Angles
  6. Solving Right Triangles
  7. Trigonometry in the Real World
  8. Unit 15 Test: Right-Triangle Trigonometry
Unit 16

Trigonometry Beyond Right Triangles

5 lessons + unit test

How can trigonometry solve triangles that have no right angle?
  1. Area of a Triangle with Sine
  2. The Law of Sines
  3. The Law of Cosines
  4. Choosing the Right Law
  5. Applications of Non-Right Triangles
  6. Unit 16 Test: Trigonometry Beyond Right Triangles
Unit 17

Circles: Arcs, Chords and Tangents

7 lessons + unit test

How do we measure parts of a circle, and how do lines interact with it?
  1. Parts of a Circle
  2. Central Angles and Arc Measure
  3. Arc Length
  4. Radian Measure
  5. Sector Area
  6. Chords
  7. Tangent Lines
  8. Unit 17 Test: Circles: Arcs, Chords and Tangents
Unit 18

Circles: Angles and Segments

6 lessons + unit test

How are the angles and segments inside and outside a circle related to its arcs?
  1. Inscribed Angles
  2. Inscribed Polygons
  3. Tangent-Chord Angles
  4. Angles Inside and Outside a Circle
  5. Segment Lengths in Circles
  6. All Circles Are Similar
  7. Unit 18 Test: Circles: Angles and Segments
Unit 19

Circles and Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane

5 lessons + unit test

How can an equation describe a circle or a parabola exactly?
  1. The Equation of a Circle
  2. Completing the Square to Find the Center
  3. Points On, Inside or Outside a Circle
  4. Parabolas: Focus and Directrix
  5. Modeling with Circle Equations
  6. Unit 19 Test: Circles and Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane
Unit 20

Coordinate Geometry

7 lessons + unit test

How can coordinates and algebra prove facts about geometric figures?
  1. The Distance Formula
  2. Midpoints and Partitioning a Segment
  3. Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
  4. Writing Equations of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
  5. Perimeter and Area on the Coordinate Plane
  6. Proving Triangle Properties with Coordinates
  7. Proving Quadrilateral Properties with Coordinates
  8. Unit 20 Test: Coordinate Geometry
Unit 21

Area of Plane Figures

6 lessons + unit test

How do we find the area of any flat shape, and how is area used to model the real world?
  1. Triangles and Parallelograms
  2. Trapezoids, Rhombuses and Kites
  3. Regular Polygons
  4. Circumference and Area of Circles
  5. Composite Figures
  6. Density and Area Models
  7. Unit 21 Test: Area of Plane Figures
Unit 22

Solids and Surface Area

5 lessons + unit test

How do flat shapes build three-dimensional objects, and how much material covers them?
  1. Three-Dimensional Figures
  2. Cross-Sections and Solids of Revolution
  3. Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders
  4. Surface Area of Pyramids and Cones
  5. Surface Area of Spheres
  6. Unit 22 Test: Solids and Surface Area
Unit 23

Volume

6 lessons + unit test

How much space does a solid take up, and why do the volume formulas work?
  1. Volume of Prisms and Cylinders
  2. Cavalieri's Principle
  3. Volume of Pyramids and Cones
  4. Volume of Spheres
  5. Composite Solids and Density
  6. Similar Solids
  7. Unit 23 Test: Volume
Unit 24

Counting and Probability

6 lessons + unit test

How can we count outcomes without listing them all, and use counts to find probabilities?
  1. Sample Spaces and Basic Probability
  2. The Fundamental Counting Principle
  3. Permutations
  4. Combinations
  5. Probability with Counting
  6. Geometric Probability
  7. Unit 24 Test: Counting and Probability
Unit 25

Compound and Conditional Probability

6 lessons + unit test

How does knowing one thing change the chances of another?
  1. Unions, Intersections and Complements
  2. The Addition Rule
  3. Independent Events
  4. Conditional Probability
  5. Two-Way Tables
  6. Using Probability to Make Decisions
  7. Unit 25 Test: Compound and Conditional Probability

Chemistry

24 units · 156 lessons · 24 unit tests · 180 school days

Try Unit 1 free
Unit 1FREE

Matter and Its Properties

6 lessons + unit test

What is everything made of, and how can we tell one kind of matter from another?
  1. What Chemistry Studies
  2. Pure Substances and Mixtures
  3. Elements and Compounds
  4. Physical and Chemical Properties
  5. Physical and Chemical Changes
  6. Separating Mixtures
  7. Unit 1 Test: Matter and Its Properties
Unit 2

Measurement and Significant Figures

7 lessons + unit test

How do scientists report measurements honestly, showing exactly how sure they are?
  1. SI Units and Prefixes
  2. Accuracy and Precision
  3. Counting Significant Figures
  4. Scientific Notation and Rounding
  5. Multiplying and Dividing Measurements
  6. Adding and Subtracting Measurements
  7. Percent Error
  8. Unit 2 Test: Measurement and Significant Figures
Unit 3

Unit Conversion and Density

6 lessons + unit test

How can we turn one unit into another without getting lost?
  1. Conversion Factors
  2. Metric Conversions
  3. Multi-Step Conversions
  4. Area and Volume Units
  5. Density
  6. Temperature Scales
  7. Unit 3 Test: Unit Conversion and Density
Unit 4

Atomic Structure

7 lessons + unit test

What is inside an atom, and how did scientists figure it out without ever seeing one?
  1. Early Atomic Models
  2. Rutherford and the Nucleus
  3. Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
  4. Atomic Number and Mass Number
  5. Ions
  6. Isotopes
  7. Average Atomic Mass
  8. Unit 4 Test: Atomic Structure
Unit 5

Light and Electrons

6 lessons + unit test

How does the light given off by atoms reveal where their electrons are?
  1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  2. Wavelength and Frequency
  3. Photons and Energy
  4. Emission Spectra
  5. The Bohr Model
  6. The Quantum Model and Orbitals
  7. Unit 5 Test: Light and Electrons
Unit 6

Electron Configuration

7 lessons + unit test

Where are an atom's electrons, and why does their arrangement control how the atom behaves?
  1. Sublevels and Orbitals
  2. The Aufbau Order
  3. Writing Electron Configurations
  4. Orbital Diagrams
  5. Noble Gas Shorthand
  6. Valence Electrons
  7. Configurations of Ions
  8. Unit 6 Test: Electron Configuration
Unit 7

The Periodic Table

6 lessons + unit test

Why is the periodic table shaped the way it is, and what can its layout tell us?
  1. Building the Periodic Table
  2. Groups and Periods
  3. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids
  4. Main-Group Families
  5. Transition and Inner Transition Metals
  6. Blocks of the Table
  7. Unit 7 Test: The Periodic Table
Unit 8

Periodic Trends

6 lessons + unit test

Why do atoms get bigger or smaller, and more or less reactive, as you move around the periodic table?
  1. Shielding and Nuclear Charge
  2. Atomic Radius
  3. Ionic Radius
  4. Ionization Energy
  5. Electronegativity
  6. Predicting Reactivity
  7. Unit 8 Test: Periodic Trends
Unit 9

Ionic Bonding

6 lessons + unit test

Why do metals and nonmetals join together so strongly to make salts?
  1. Why Atoms Bond
  2. Forming Ions
  3. Ionic Bonds and Crystals
  4. Writing Ionic Formulas
  5. Polyatomic Ions
  6. Properties of Ionic Compounds
  7. Unit 9 Test: Ionic Bonding
Unit 10

Covalent and Metallic Bonding

6 lessons + unit test

How do atoms share electrons, and how can we draw where those electrons are?
  1. Covalent Bonds
  2. Lewis Structures
  3. Double and Triple Bonds
  4. Polyatomic Ions and Resonance
  5. Exceptions to the Octet Rule
  6. Metallic Bonding
  7. Unit 10 Test: Covalent and Metallic Bonding
Unit 11

Molecular Shape and Polarity

7 lessons + unit test

Why does the shape of a molecule decide whether water boils at 100 °C or a gas boils far below zero?
  1. VSEPR Theory
  2. Linear and Trigonal Planar Shapes
  3. Tetrahedral, Pyramidal and Bent Shapes
  4. Bond Polarity
  5. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
  6. Intermolecular Forces
  7. Forces and Properties
  8. Unit 11 Test: Molecular Shape and Polarity
Unit 12

Naming Compounds

7 lessons + unit test

How do chemists name millions of compounds so that every name points to exactly one formula?
  1. Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
  2. Metals with More Than One Charge
  3. Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
  4. Naming Molecular Compounds
  5. Naming Acids
  6. Writing Formulas from Names
  7. Hydrates and Mixed Practice
  8. Unit 12 Test: Naming Compounds
Unit 13

The Mole

7 lessons + unit test

How can chemists count atoms that are far too small and too many to count one by one?
  1. Counting by the Mole
  2. Molar Mass
  3. Grams and Moles
  4. Moles and Particles
  5. Two-Step Mole Conversions
  6. Percent Composition
  7. Empirical and Molecular Formulas
  8. Unit 13 Test: The Mole
Unit 14

Chemical Equations

7 lessons + unit test

How do we write down a chemical reaction so that every atom is accounted for?
  1. Evidence of a Reaction
  2. Reading Chemical Equations
  3. Conservation of Mass
  4. Balancing Simple Equations
  5. Balancing with Polyatomic Ions
  6. Balancing Tricky Equations
  7. From Words to Balanced Equations
  8. Unit 14 Test: Chemical Equations
Unit 15

Types of Reactions

6 lessons + unit test

Can we predict what a reaction will make before we run it?
  1. Synthesis Reactions
  2. Decomposition Reactions
  3. Single Replacement and the Activity Series
  4. Double Replacement and Precipitates
  5. Combustion Reactions
  6. Net Ionic Equations
  7. Unit 15 Test: Types of Reactions
Unit 16

Stoichiometry

7 lessons + unit test

How much product can a reaction make, and what runs out first?
  1. Mole Ratios
  2. Mole-to-Mole Problems
  3. Mass-to-Mass Problems
  4. Limiting Reactants
  5. Calculating the Limiting Reactant
  6. Excess Reactant Left Over
  7. Theoretical and Percent Yield
  8. Unit 16 Test: Stoichiometry
Unit 17

Gases

7 lessons + unit test

Why do gases expand, compress and push the way they do, and how can we predict it?
  1. Kinetic Molecular Theory
  2. Gas Pressure
  3. Boyle's Law
  4. Charles's Law
  5. Gay-Lussac's Law and the Combined Gas Law
  6. The Ideal Gas Law
  7. Partial Pressures and Molar Volume
  8. Unit 17 Test: Gases
Unit 18

States of Matter

5 lessons + unit test

What happens to particles when a substance melts, boils or freezes?
  1. Solids, Liquids and Gases
  2. Phase Changes and Heating Curves
  3. Vapor Pressure and Boiling
  4. Phase Diagrams
  5. The Unusual Properties of Water
  6. Unit 18 Test: States of Matter
Unit 19

Solutions

7 lessons + unit test

Why do some things dissolve and others don't, and how do we measure how much is dissolved?
  1. Solutes and Solvents
  2. Like Dissolves Like
  3. Solubility and Solubility Curves
  4. Molarity
  5. Dilution
  6. Percent and Parts per Million
  7. Colligative Properties
  8. Unit 19 Test: Solutions
Unit 20

Acids and Bases

7 lessons + unit test

What makes something an acid or a base, and how do we measure how strong it is?
  1. Properties of Acids and Bases
  2. Defining Acids and Bases
  3. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
  4. Strong and Weak Acids
  5. The pH Scale
  6. Calculating pH and pOH
  7. Neutralization and Titration
  8. Unit 20 Test: Acids and Bases
Unit 21

Thermochemistry

7 lessons + unit test

Where does the energy in a chemical reaction come from, and where does it go?
  1. Energy, Heat and Temperature
  2. Endothermic and Exothermic
  3. Specific Heat
  4. Calorimetry
  5. Enthalpy and Thermochemical Equations
  6. Hess's Law
  7. Bond Energies
  8. Unit 21 Test: Thermochemistry
Unit 22

Reaction Rates

6 lessons + unit test

Why do some reactions happen in a flash while others take years, and how can we control the speed?
  1. Collision Theory
  2. Activation Energy and Energy Diagrams
  3. Temperature and Rate
  4. Concentration and Surface Area
  5. Catalysts
  6. Reading Rate Data
  7. Unit 22 Test: Reaction Rates
Unit 23

Chemical Equilibrium

6 lessons + unit test

What happens when a reaction can run both forward and backward, and how can we push it the way we want?
  1. Reversible Reactions
  2. The Equilibrium Constant
  3. What K Tells You
  4. Le Chatelier: Concentration
  5. Le Chatelier: Pressure and Temperature
  6. Equilibrium in the Real World
  7. Unit 23 Test: Chemical Equilibrium
Unit 24

Nuclear Chemistry

7 lessons + unit test

What happens when the nucleus itself changes, and how do we use that power safely?
  1. The Nucleus and Stability
  2. Alpha, Beta and Gamma
  3. Nuclear Equations
  4. Half-Life
  5. Radiometric Dating
  6. Fission and Fusion
  7. Radiation in Medicine and Energy
  8. Unit 24 Test: Nuclear Chemistry

Modern World History

22 units · 158 lessons · 22 unit tests · 180 school days

Try Unit 1 free
Unit 1FREE

Thinking Like a World Historian

6 lessons + unit test

How do historians make sense of more than 500 years of world history?
  1. Time, Chronology and Periods
  2. Primary and Secondary Sources
  3. Sourcing: Author, Audience and Purpose
  4. Context and Corroboration
  5. Cause, Effect, Continuity and Change
  6. Building a Historical Argument
  7. Unit 1 Test: Thinking Like a World Historian
Unit 2

The World Around 1450

7 lessons + unit test

What were the world's great powers and trade networks on the eve of the modern era?
  1. The Ottoman Empire and the Fall of Constantinople
  2. Ming China and the Voyages of Zheng He
  3. Empires of West Africa: Mali and Songhai
  4. The Aztec and Inca Empires
  5. The Indian Ocean Trade Network
  6. The Renaissance
  7. The Printing Press
  8. Unit 2 Test: The World Around 1450
Unit 3

The Reformation

8 lessons + unit test

How did one monk's protest split Western Christianity and reshape Europe?
  1. The Church in Late Medieval Europe
  2. Martin Luther and the Ninety-five Theses
  3. The Reformation Spreads in Germany
  4. Calvin and Other Reformers
  5. The English Reformation
  6. The Catholic Reformation
  7. Wars of Religion
  8. The Legacy of the Reformation
  9. Unit 3 Test: The Reformation
Unit 4

Exploration and the Columbian Exchange

7 lessons + unit test

How did European voyages connect the world, and who paid the price?
  1. Why Europeans Explored
  2. Portugal and the Sea Route to Asia
  3. Columbus and the Spanish in the Caribbean
  4. The Conquest of the Aztec and Inca
  5. The Columbian Exchange
  6. Colonial Society in Spanish America
  7. Silver and the First Global Economy
  8. Unit 4 Test: Exploration and the Columbian Exchange
Unit 5

The Atlantic Slave Trade

7 lessons + unit test

How did the Atlantic slave trade work, how did Africans resist it, and how did it end?
  1. Slavery Before the Atlantic Trade
  2. Sugar and the Origins of the Atlantic Trade
  3. The Triangular Trade and Its Scale
  4. The Middle Passage
  5. African States and the Trade
  6. Slavery in the Americas and Resistance
  7. The Abolition Movement
  8. Unit 5 Test: The Atlantic Slave Trade
Unit 6

Absolutism and Empires

7 lessons + unit test

How did rulers in Europe and Asia build and limit power between 1500 and 1800?
  1. What Is Absolutism?
  2. Louis XIV and France
  3. Peter the Great and Russia
  4. Limiting Power in England
  5. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
  6. The Mughal Empire
  7. China and Japan: The Qing and the Tokugawa
  8. Unit 6 Test: Absolutism and Empires
Unit 7

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

7 lessons + unit test

How did new ways of thinking about nature lead to new ideas about government and rights?
  1. The Old View and the New Science
  2. Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo
  3. Newton and the Scientific Method
  4. Hobbes and Locke
  5. Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau
  6. Women, Slavery and the Limits of the Enlightenment
  7. Spreading Enlightenment Ideas
  8. Unit 7 Test: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
Unit 8

The American and French Revolutions

7 lessons + unit test

How did Enlightenment ideas become revolutions, and what did those revolutions achieve?
  1. The American Revolution in World Context
  2. Causes of the French Revolution
  3. 1789: The Revolution Begins
  4. Rights of Man and of Woman
  5. The Radical Revolution and the Terror
  6. Napoleon's Rise and Empire
  7. Napoleon's Fall and the Congress of Vienna
  8. Unit 8 Test: The American and French Revolutions
Unit 9

The Haitian and Latin American Revolutions

7 lessons + unit test

How did enslaved people and colonists in the Americas win independence, and for whom?
  1. Saint-Domingue: The Richest Colony
  2. The Revolution Begins, 1791
  3. Toussaint Louverture
  4. Haitian Independence and Its Aftermath
  5. Causes of Latin American Independence
  6. Mexico's Struggle for Independence
  7. Bolívar, San Martín and Brazil
  8. Unit 9 Test: The Haitian and Latin American Revolutions
Unit 10

The Industrial Revolution

8 lessons + unit test

How did machines and factories transform work, cities and the world economy?
  1. Why Britain Industrialized First
  2. Textiles and the Factory System
  3. Steam, Coal, Iron and Railways
  4. Life in Industrial Cities
  5. Child Labor and Working Conditions
  6. Capitalism and Its Critics
  7. Workers Organize and Reformers Respond
  8. Industrialization Spreads
  9. Unit 10 Test: The Industrial Revolution
Unit 11

Nationalism and Reform in the 1800s

7 lessons + unit test

How did nationalism build new nations and threaten old empires?
  1. What Is Nationalism?
  2. The Revolutions of 1848
  3. Italian Unification
  4. German Unification
  5. Nationalism and Multinational Empires
  6. Ending Slavery and Serfdom
  7. Meiji Japan Modernizes
  8. Unit 11 Test: Nationalism and Reform in the 1800s
Unit 12

Imperialism in Africa and Asia

7 lessons + unit test

Why did industrial powers build empires, and how did colonized peoples respond?
  1. Motives and Tools of the New Imperialism
  2. The Scramble for Africa
  3. African Resistance
  4. Colonial Rule and Its Violence
  5. British India
  6. China and the Opium Wars
  7. Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Japan's Empire
  8. Unit 12 Test: Imperialism in Africa and Asia
Unit 13

World War I

8 lessons + unit test

How did a regional crisis become a world war, and how did that war remake the world?
  1. Long-Term Causes: MAIN
  2. Sarajevo and the July Crisis
  3. Trench Warfare on the Western Front
  4. New Weapons and Total War
  5. A World War
  6. America Enters, Russia Exits
  7. The Treaty of Versailles
  8. The Consequences of World War I
  9. Unit 13 Test: World War I
Unit 14

Revolutions in Russia and China

8 lessons + unit test

Why did revolutionaries win power in Russia and China, and what did their rule cost and achieve?
  1. Tsarist Russia in Crisis
  2. The Revolutions of 1917
  3. Civil War and Lenin's Soviet State
  4. Stalin's Soviet Union
  5. The Fall of the Qing and Sun Yat-sen
  6. Nationalists and Communists
  7. Mao's China
  8. The Cultural Revolution and Deng's Reforms
  9. Unit 14 Test: Revolutions in Russia and China
Unit 15

The Interwar Years and Totalitarianism

7 lessons + unit test

How did economic crisis and fear open the door to dictators between the world wars?
  1. The Uneasy 1920s
  2. The Great Depression
  3. What Is Totalitarianism?
  4. Mussolini's Fascist Italy
  5. Hitler's Rise to Power
  6. Life in Nazi Germany
  7. Aggression and Appeasement
  8. Unit 15 Test: The Interwar Years and Totalitarianism
Unit 16

World War II

8 lessons + unit test

How was the deadliest war in history fought and won, and what did it cost?
  1. War Begins in Europe
  2. Britain Stands and Barbarossa
  3. War in Asia and the Pacific
  4. Turning Points, 1942–1943
  5. Home Fronts
  6. D-Day and Victory in Europe
  7. Ending the Pacific War
  8. The Costs and Aftermath of the War
  9. Unit 16 Test: World War II
Unit 17

The Holocaust

7 lessons + unit test

How did the Nazi regime carry out the murder of six million Jews, and how do we remember the victims and learn from what happened?
  1. Jewish Life in Europe and the Roots of Antisemitism
  2. Persecution in Germany, 1933–1939
  3. Ghettos and Mass Shootings
  4. The 'Final Solution' and the Killing Centers
  5. Other Victims of Nazi Persecution
  6. Resistance and Rescue
  7. Liberation, Justice and Remembrance
  8. Unit 17 Test: The Holocaust
Unit 18

The Cold War Begins

7 lessons + unit test

How did wartime allies become rivals, and how close did their rivalry come to nuclear war?
  1. Origins of the Cold War
  2. Containment: The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
  3. Berlin, NATO and the Warsaw Pact
  4. The Korean War
  5. The Arms Race and the Space Race
  6. The Cuban Missile Crisis
  7. Two Germanys and the Berlin Wall
  8. Unit 18 Test: The Cold War Begins
Unit 19

The Cold War Goes Global and Ends

7 lessons + unit test

How did the Cold War shape conflicts around the world, and why did it end so suddenly?
  1. The Vietnam War
  2. Proxy Wars in Latin America, Africa and Afghanistan
  3. The Non-Aligned Movement
  4. Uprisings in Eastern Europe
  5. Détente and Renewed Tension
  6. Gorbachev and Reform
  7. 1989 and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
  8. Unit 19 Test: The Cold War Goes Global and Ends
Unit 20

Decolonization and Independence

7 lessons + unit test

How did colonized peoples win independence after 1945, and what challenges did new nations face?
  1. Why Empires Fell After 1945
  2. Gandhi and Indian Independence
  3. The Partition of India
  4. Ghana and the Year of Africa
  5. Wars of Independence: Algeria and Kenya
  6. The Middle East After Empire
  7. Apartheid and Its End
  8. Unit 20 Test: Decolonization and Independence
Unit 21

Globalization

7 lessons + unit test

How did the world become so interconnected after 1945, and who gained and who lost?
  1. What Is Globalization?
  2. Bretton Woods and World Trade
  3. European Integration
  4. The Rise of Asian Economies
  5. Oil, Energy and the Middle East
  6. Migration and Global Culture
  7. Debating Globalization
  8. Unit 21 Test: Globalization
Unit 22

The Modern World: Human Rights and Technology

7 lessons + unit test

How have human rights, conflict and technology shaped the world we live in today?
  1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  2. Genocide After the Holocaust
  3. Movements for Rights and Democracy
  4. Conflict and Terrorism After the Cold War
  5. The Digital Revolution
  6. Science, Health and the Environment
  7. Using History to Understand Today
  8. Unit 22 Test: The Modern World: Human Rights and Technology

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